What Is Amg

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Follow Currency Mart September 1, 2024
what is amg
In the world of high-performance vehicles, few names command as much respect and admiration as AMG. Standing for Aufrecht, Melcher und Großaspach, AMG is the performance division of Mercedes-Benz, renowned for transforming ordinary cars into extraordinary driving machines. This article delves into the essence of AMG, exploring its rich history and origins, its pivotal role within the Mercedes-Benz ecosystem, and its unparalleled performance and engineering capabilities. From its humble beginnings as a small tuning shop to its current status as a global leader in automotive performance, AMG's journey is a testament to innovation and passion. We will examine how AMG's history has shaped its identity, how it contributes to Mercedes-Benz's success, and what sets its performance and engineering apart from the competition. To fully appreciate the impact of AMG, it is essential to understand its roots, which is why we begin by exploring the fascinating history and origins of this iconic brand.

Understanding AMG: History and Origins

Understanding AMG, the high-performance division of Mercedes-Benz, requires a deep dive into its rich history and transformative journey. From its humble beginnings to its current status as a global powerhouse, AMG's story is marked by significant milestones and innovative achievements. This article will explore the founding and early years of AMG, highlighting the vision and dedication of its founders. It will also delve into key milestones and innovations that propelled the brand forward, showcasing how AMG continuously pushed the boundaries of automotive engineering. Finally, it will examine the evolution of AMG into a global brand, detailing its expansion and integration with Mercedes-Benz. By tracing these pivotal moments, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of how AMG has become synonymous with performance and excellence. Let us begin with the founding and early years of AMG, where the seeds of this automotive legend were first sown.

Founding and Early Years

**Founding and Early Years** The origins of AMG, or Aufrecht, Melcher und Großaspach, trace back to a humble beginning in 1967 when two former Mercedes-Benz engineers, Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher, decided to pursue their passion for high-performance vehicles. Initially operating out of a small garage in Grossaspach, Germany, the duo's vision was to enhance the performance capabilities of Mercedes-Benz cars. Their first project involved modifying a Mercedes-Benz 300 SE sedan to compete in the 24 Hours of Spa endurance race, marking the inception of what would become a legendary partnership. In the early years, AMG's focus was on tuning and modifying existing Mercedes-Benz models to achieve superior performance. This involved meticulous attention to detail in engine tuning, suspension upgrades, and aerodynamic enhancements. The company's reputation grew rapidly as their modified vehicles consistently outperformed their stock counterparts. By the late 1970s, AMG had established itself as a reputable name in the automotive world, attracting attention from both enthusiasts and Mercedes-Benz itself. A pivotal moment in AMG's history came in 1971 when their modified Mercedes-Benz 300 SEL 6.8, nicknamed the "Red Pig," achieved a class victory at the 24 Hours of Spa. This success not only validated AMG's engineering prowess but also caught the eye of Mercedes-Benz executives. As the relationship between AMG and Mercedes-Benz deepened, so did the collaboration. By the early 1980s, AMG was officially recognized as an independent tuner by Mercedes-Benz, paving the way for future partnerships. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, AMG continued to push the boundaries of automotive performance. Their work extended beyond mere engine tuning to include comprehensive vehicle development. This period saw the introduction of iconic models such as the AMG Hammer and the C36 AMG, which further solidified AMG's status as a leader in high-performance engineering. In 1999, Mercedes-Benz acquired a majority stake in AMG, marking a significant milestone in their relationship. This acquisition allowed AMG to leverage Mercedes-Benz's resources while maintaining its independence and innovative spirit. The partnership enabled AMG to expand its operations and develop more sophisticated performance vehicles that would eventually become integral to Mercedes-Benz's lineup. Today, AMG stands as a testament to the vision and dedication of its founders. From its humble beginnings in a small garage to its current status as a global leader in high-performance automotive engineering, AMG's journey is a story of passion, innovation, and collaboration. As an integral part of the Mercedes-Benz family, AMG continues to drive the evolution of performance vehicles, ensuring that every car bearing the AMG badge embodies the spirit of speed and excellence that defined its early years.

Key Milestones and Innovations

**Key Milestones and Innovations** The evolution of AMG, Mercedes-Benz's high-performance division, is marked by a series of groundbreaking milestones and innovations that have cemented its position as a leader in the automotive world. Founded in 1967 by Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher, AMG began as a small tuning company in an old mill in Affalterbach, Germany. The name "AMG" is derived from the initials of the founders' surnames and the town of Grossaspach, where Aufrecht was born. One of the earliest and most significant milestones was the creation of the 300 SEL 6.8, which won its class at the 1971 24 Hours of Spa, earning AMG the nickname "The Red Pig" due to its red paint and robust performance. In the 1980s, AMG's reputation grew with the introduction of the Mercedes-Benz 190 E 3.2 AMG, which showcased the company's ability to enhance both power and handling. This period also saw AMG's first collaboration with Mercedes-Benz, leading to the development of the C36 AMG in 1993, the first car to be co-developed by both companies. This partnership marked a new era for AMG, transitioning from a tuning house to an integral part of Mercedes-Benz's performance strategy. The late 1990s and early 2000s were pivotal for AMG's innovation. The introduction of the M113 V8 engine in 1997 revolutionized AMG's power output, while the launch of the SL55 AMG in 2002 brought supercar performance to the mainstream. The development of the 6.2-liter V8 engine, known as the M156, further solidified AMG's commitment to high-performance engineering. This engine debuted in the C55 AMG and went on to power several iconic models, including the E55 AMG and the SLS AMG. In recent years, AMG has continued to push the boundaries of automotive technology. The introduction of the 4.0-liter twin-turbo V8 engine (M177) in 2014 set new standards for efficiency and power. This engine has been used in various models, including the GT series and the E63 S AMG. Additionally, AMG's foray into hybrid technology with models like the GT 63 S E Performance has demonstrated its commitment to sustainable high-performance motoring. Another significant innovation is AMG's involvement in motorsports. The company's participation in Formula 1 as an engine supplier and its success in GT racing have further enhanced its reputation for engineering excellence. The AMG GT3 and GT4 cars have become staples in endurance racing, while the Formula 1 team has consistently pushed the limits of speed and technology. Today, AMG stands as a testament to innovation and performance, with a portfolio that includes everything from high-performance sedans to hypercars like the Project One. Each model embodies the spirit of Aufrecht and Melcher's original vision: to create vehicles that are not just fast but also beautifully engineered and uniquely styled. As AMG continues to evolve, it remains true to its roots while embracing new technologies and challenges, ensuring its place at the forefront of automotive excellence.

Evolution into a Global Brand

The evolution of AMG into a global brand is a testament to the power of innovation, passion, and strategic vision. Founded in 1967 by Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher, AMG began as a small tuning firm in Grossaspach, Germany, with a singular focus on enhancing the performance of Mercedes-Benz vehicles. Initially known for its handcrafted engines and meticulous attention to detail, AMG quickly gained a reputation among enthusiasts for delivering unparalleled power and precision. As the years progressed, AMG's influence expanded beyond local circles, attracting the attention of Mercedes-Benz itself. In 1999, Mercedes-Benz acquired a majority stake in AMG, marking the beginning of a new era. This partnership allowed AMG to leverage Mercedes-Benz's global resources and network, enabling the brand to scale its operations and reach a broader audience. The early 2000s saw AMG's transformation from a niche tuner to a full-fledged performance division within Mercedes-Benz. The introduction of the C55 AMG in 2004 and the subsequent launch of the CLS 55 AMG in 2005 showcased AMG's ability to blend high-performance capabilities with luxury and style. These models not only resonated with existing enthusiasts but also attracted new customers who were drawn to the unique blend of power and sophistication. As AMG continued to innovate, it introduced its first standalone model, the SLS AMG, in 2010. This supercar embodied the essence of AMG's performance ethos and further solidified its position as a global player in the automotive industry. AMG's global expansion was further accelerated through strategic marketing and branding initiatives. The "Driving Performance" slogan became synonymous with AMG's commitment to delivering exceptional driving experiences. The brand also invested heavily in motorsports, participating in various racing series such as the DTM and GT3 championships. These efforts not only enhanced AMG's credibility among performance enthusiasts but also provided a platform for technological innovation and testing. In recent years, AMG has continued to push boundaries with the introduction of hybrid and electric performance models. The launch of the GT 63 S 4MATIC+ and the EQS 53 4MATIC+ exemplifies AMG's adaptability and commitment to future-proofing its offerings. These models combine cutting-edge technology with traditional AMG performance, appealing to a new generation of drivers who value both sustainability and driving excitement. Today, AMG stands as a global brand recognized for its unwavering dedication to performance, innovation, and luxury. With a presence in over 100 countries and a diverse range of models that cater to various segments of the market, AMG has successfully transitioned from a small tuning firm to a leading player in the automotive world. Its evolution is a story of passion, perseverance, and strategic collaboration, serving as an inspiration for brands seeking to make their mark on a global scale. As AMG continues to evolve, it remains true to its founding principles while embracing the challenges and opportunities of the future, ensuring that its legacy as a performance icon endures for generations to come.

AMG's Role in Mercedes-Benz

The integration of AMG (Aufrecht, Melcher und Großaspach) into Mercedes-Benz has been a pivotal moment in the automotive world, transforming the brand's performance, technology, and exclusivity. This synergy has not only elevated Mercedes-Benz's standing in the market but also redefined the standards of high-performance vehicles. The article delves into three key aspects: **Integration with Mercedes-Benz**, which explores how AMG's expertise has been seamlessly merged into the broader Mercedes-Benz ecosystem; **Impact on Performance and Technology**, highlighting the significant advancements in engine power, handling, and innovative features; and **Exclusive Models and Limited Editions**, showcasing the unique and highly sought-after vehicles that have become synonymous with luxury and performance. By examining these facets, we gain a comprehensive understanding of how AMG's role has enriched Mercedes-Benz, starting with the critical **Integration with Mercedes-Benz**. This integration has been the foundation upon which all other advancements have been built, ensuring that the essence of AMG's performance DNA is embedded deeply within the heart of Mercedes-Benz.

Integration with Mercedes-Benz

Integration with Mercedes-Benz is a pivotal aspect of AMG's role within the larger automotive landscape. Founded in 1967 by Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher, AMG initially operated as an independent company specializing in high-performance tuning for Mercedes-Benz vehicles. Over the years, this symbiotic relationship evolved significantly. In 1999, Mercedes-Benz acquired a majority stake in AMG, marking a new era of collaboration that would elevate both brands to unprecedented heights. This integration has been instrumental in leveraging the strengths of both entities. Mercedes-Benz brings its extensive resources, technological prowess, and global reach to the table, while AMG contributes its expertise in performance engineering and a deep understanding of what drives enthusiasts. The result is a seamless blend of luxury and performance, as seen in models like the Mercedes-AMG GT series and the high-performance variants of the C-Class, E-Class, and S-Class. One of the key benefits of this integration is the ability to share resources and expertise across both brands. For instance, AMG's engineers work closely with their counterparts at Mercedes-Benz to develop advanced powertrains, chassis systems, and aerodynamic solutions that enhance the overall driving experience. This collaborative approach ensures that AMG models not only deliver exceptional performance but also maintain the high standards of comfort, safety, and reliability that are hallmarks of the Mercedes-Benz brand. Moreover, the integration has facilitated the development of exclusive technologies that set AMG vehicles apart. For example, the 4MATIC+ all-wheel-drive system and the advanced suspension systems are designed to optimize handling and stability, making AMG cars equally adept on both the road and the track. Additionally, features like the AMG Ride Control suspension and the AMG Dynamic Select drive modes further enhance the driving dynamics, providing drivers with a tailored experience that suits their preferences. The branding strategy also reflects this integration. The "Mercedes-AMG" moniker signifies a product that combines the best of both worlds—Mercedes-Benz's luxury and AMG's performance. This dual branding has helped to create a distinct identity for these vehicles, appealing to a wide range of customers who seek both prestige and exhilarating driving experiences. In terms of market presence, the integration has expanded AMG's global footprint significantly. With Mercedes-Benz's extensive dealer network and marketing muscle behind it, AMG models are now accessible to a broader audience worldwide. This has led to increased sales and brand visibility, solidifying AMG's position as a leader in the high-performance segment. Ultimately, the integration with Mercedes-Benz has transformed AMG into more than just a tuner; it has become an integral part of the Mercedes-Benz family, driving innovation and excellence in automotive engineering. This partnership continues to push boundaries in performance, technology, and design, ensuring that AMG remains at the forefront of the automotive world for years to come.

Impact on Performance and Technology

The integration of AMG (Aufrecht, Melcher und Großaspach) into Mercedes-Benz has significantly enhanced the performance and technological prowess of the brand. Since its inception in 1967, AMG has been synonymous with high-performance engineering, and its merger with Mercedes-Benz in 1999 has led to a synergistic relationship that elevates both entities. One of the most palpable impacts is the infusion of AMG's performance DNA into Mercedes-Benz vehicles. The AMG division brings a wealth of expertise in engine development, aerodynamics, and chassis tuning, resulting in cars that not only deliver exceptional power but also superior handling and stability. For instance, the AMG 4.0-liter V8 biturbo engine found in models like the GT series and the C 63 S Coupe exemplifies this commitment to performance, offering unparalleled acceleration and responsiveness. From a technological standpoint, AMG's influence extends beyond mere engine power. Advanced technologies such as the AMG SPEEDSHIFT dual-clutch transmission and the AMG Performance 4MATIC+ all-wheel-drive system have become integral components of many Mercedes-Benz models. These innovations enhance not only the driving experience but also contribute to improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Additionally, AMG's focus on lightweight construction and advanced materials has driven the adoption of carbon fiber and other high-strength, low-weight materials across various Mercedes-Benz models, further enhancing their performance-to-weight ratio. Moreover, the collaboration between AMG and Mercedes-Benz has accelerated the development of cutting-edge driver assistance systems and digital technologies. Features like the AMG TRACK PACE app, which provides detailed performance data and lap times for track driving, demonstrate how AMG's performance ethos is intertwined with modern technology. This blend of performance and technology also extends to safety features; for example, the integration of advanced driver assistance systems like Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC and Active Steering Assist ensures that high-performance vehicles remain safe and manageable even at the limits of their capabilities. The impact on brand perception is also noteworthy. The association with AMG has bolstered Mercedes-Benz's reputation as a manufacturer capable of producing both luxurious and high-performance vehicles. This dual identity appeals to a broader range of consumers, from those seeking comfort and luxury to those who crave raw power and driving excitement. The AMG badge has become a symbol of excellence in automotive engineering, attracting enthusiasts who value both the heritage of AMG and the reliability of Mercedes-Benz. In conclusion, AMG's role within Mercedes-Benz has been transformative, elevating the brand's performance capabilities while driving technological innovation. By combining AMG's performance expertise with Mercedes-Benz's commitment to luxury and reliability, the partnership has created a compelling offering that stands out in the automotive market. As the automotive landscape continues to evolve with advancements in electric powertrains and autonomous driving, the synergy between AMG and Mercedes-Benz positions the brand for continued success in delivering exceptional performance and cutting-edge technology.

Exclusive Models and Limited Editions

Exclusive models and limited editions are a cornerstone of AMG's role within Mercedes-Benz, showcasing the pinnacle of performance, design, and exclusivity. These special vehicles are crafted to stand out from the standard lineup, often featuring unique exterior and interior designs, enhanced performance capabilities, and exclusive materials. For instance, the Mercedes-AMG GT 63 S 4MATIC+ Edition 1 exemplifies this approach with its distinctive design elements such as the Aerodynamics Package and the Night Package, which not only enhance its aerodynamic profile but also give it a striking appearance. Limited editions like the AMG GT R Pro or the AMG GT Track Series are produced in small numbers, making them highly sought after by collectors and enthusiasts. These models often come with bespoke features such as special paintwork, unique badging, and interior trim that reflect their exclusive status. The exclusivity is further amplified by the fact that these vehicles are typically hand-assembled at AMG's facilities in Affalterbach, Germany, where skilled craftsmen ensure every detail meets the highest standards of quality and precision. Additionally, these exclusive models often serve as testbeds for new technologies and innovations that may eventually trickle down to other AMG vehicles, making them not just rare collectibles but also harbingers of future performance advancements. By offering these exclusive models and limited editions, AMG reinforces its commitment to pushing the boundaries of automotive excellence while providing a unique ownership experience for discerning drivers who demand the very best. This strategy not only enhances the brand's prestige but also fosters a loyal community of enthusiasts who appreciate the artistry and engineering that go into creating these extraordinary vehicles. Ultimately, these exclusive offerings underscore AMG's role within Mercedes-Benz as a driving force behind innovation, performance, and luxury.

AMG's Performance and Engineering Capabilities

AMG, the performance division of Mercedes-Benz, stands at the forefront of automotive engineering and innovation. Known for its relentless pursuit of excellence, AMG's capabilities span multiple facets that collectively elevate the driving experience to new heights. At the heart of AMG's prowess lies its exceptional **Engine Development and Tuning**, which transforms standard engines into high-performance powerhouses. Additionally, **Aerodynamics and Chassis Enhancements** play a crucial role in optimizing vehicle dynamics, ensuring that every AMG model not only accelerates swiftly but also handles with precision and stability. Furthermore, **Advanced Technology and Innovation** drive continuous improvement, integrating cutting-edge solutions that enhance both performance and efficiency. By focusing on these key areas, AMG ensures that each vehicle is a masterpiece of engineering, delivering unparalleled performance and driving satisfaction. This article delves into these critical components, starting with the foundational aspect of **Engine Development and Tuning**, where the magic of AMG's performance begins.

Engine Development and Tuning

Engine development and tuning are the cornerstone of AMG's performance and engineering capabilities, reflecting the brand's unwavering commitment to innovation and excellence. At the heart of AMG's success lies a meticulous approach to engine design, where every component is meticulously crafted to deliver unparalleled power, efficiency, and reliability. The process begins with advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA), allowing engineers to simulate and optimize engine performance before physical prototypes are even built. This cutting-edge technology enables precise tuning of critical parameters such as combustion chamber geometry, valve timing, and exhaust system design. Once the theoretical framework is established, AMG's skilled engineers move to the testing phase, where engines are subjected to rigorous trials under various conditions. This includes dyno testing, where engines are pushed to their limits to identify areas for improvement, as well as real-world testing on both the track and public roads. The data collected during these tests is then fed back into the development cycle, allowing for continuous refinement and optimization. A key aspect of AMG's engine tuning philosophy is the "One Man, One Engine" principle, where a single master technician is responsible for hand-assembling each engine from start to finish. This personal touch ensures that every engine meets the highest standards of quality and performance. Additionally, AMG employs advanced materials and manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing for complex components, to enhance durability and reduce weight. The result of this meticulous process is evident in AMG's lineup of high-performance engines, which consistently set new benchmarks in terms of power output, torque delivery, and overall driving experience. For instance, the AMG 4.0-liter V8 biturbo engine found in models like the GT 63 S 4MATIC+ produces an astonishing 630 horsepower and 664 lb-ft of torque, making it one of the most potent production engines on the market. Moreover, AMG's commitment to innovation extends beyond traditional internal combustion engines. The brand is also at the forefront of hybrid and electric powertrain development, integrating cutting-edge technologies like electric turbocharging and advanced battery management systems. This forward-thinking approach ensures that AMG remains a leader in the automotive industry as it transitions towards more sustainable and efficient powertrains. In conclusion, AMG's prowess in engine development and tuning is a testament to its dedication to engineering excellence. By leveraging advanced technologies, rigorous testing protocols, and a passion for performance, AMG continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in automotive engineering. Whether on the track or on public roads, AMG's engines deliver an unparalleled driving experience that embodies the brand's motto: "Driving Performance."

Aerodynamics and Chassis Enhancements

Aerodynamics and chassis enhancements are pivotal components of AMG's performance and engineering capabilities, elevating vehicles to unparalleled levels of speed, stability, and handling. At the heart of AMG's aerodynamic innovations lies a deep understanding of airflow dynamics. By meticulously designing and testing various aerodynamic elements such as front splitters, side sills, and rear diffusers, AMG engineers can significantly reduce drag while enhancing downforce. This not only improves top speed but also enhances cornering stability, allowing drivers to push their vehicles to the limit with confidence. For instance, the AMG GT series features an active aerodynamics system that adjusts the position of the rear wing in real-time to optimize performance based on driving conditions. Complementing these aerodynamic advancements are robust chassis enhancements that form the backbone of AMG's performance prowess. AMG's chassis designs are engineered to provide exceptional rigidity and precision, ensuring that every input from the driver is translated into immediate and precise vehicle response. The use of lightweight yet incredibly strong materials such as carbon fiber and high-strength steel allows for a lower center of gravity and reduced unsprung mass, further enhancing agility and responsiveness. Additionally, AMG's adaptive suspension systems continuously monitor road conditions and driver behavior to adjust damping rates in real-time, providing a seamless blend of comfort and performance. The integration of advanced technologies like AMG's Ride Control suspension system and the Dynamic Select drive mode selector underscores the brand's commitment to delivering a driving experience that is both exhilarating and refined. These systems enable drivers to tailor their vehicle's dynamics to suit various driving scenarios, from comfortable cruising to track-focused performance. Furthermore, AMG's extensive use of computer-aided engineering (CAE) and wind tunnel testing ensures that every component is optimized for maximum efficiency and effectiveness. In practical terms, these aerodynamic and chassis enhancements translate into tangible performance gains. For example, the AMG GT 63 S 4MATIC+ can accelerate from 0-60 mph in just 3.1 seconds while maintaining exceptional stability and control even at high speeds. This blend of raw power and refined handling is a testament to AMG's meticulous attention to detail and its relentless pursuit of performance excellence. Ultimately, AMG's mastery over aerodynamics and chassis design is a key differentiator that sets its vehicles apart from competitors. By continuously pushing the boundaries of what is possible through innovative engineering and rigorous testing, AMG ensures that its vehicles deliver an unparalleled driving experience that combines blistering performance with refined sophistication. This unwavering dedication to excellence is at the core of what makes AMG one of the most respected names in the automotive world.

Advanced Technology and Innovation

Advanced technology and innovation are the cornerstones of AMG's performance and engineering capabilities, elevating the brand to a pinnacle of excellence in the automotive world. At the heart of AMG's success lies a relentless pursuit of technological advancement, driven by a passion for innovation that permeates every aspect of their operations. This commitment is evident in the development of cutting-edge powertrains, such as the handcrafted V8 engines that are synonymous with AMG's high-performance vehicles. These engines, crafted by skilled technicians who sign each unit as a testament to their craftsmanship, embody the perfect blend of power and precision. The integration of advanced materials like carbon fiber and lightweight alloys further enhances the performance-to-weight ratio, allowing AMG vehicles to achieve unparalleled acceleration and agility. In addition to engine technology, AMG has been at the forefront of adopting and developing sophisticated electronic systems. The AMG SPEEDSHIFT transmission, for instance, offers lightning-fast gear shifts and adaptive control strategies that optimize performance in various driving conditions. This is complemented by advanced all-wheel-drive systems like 4MATIC+, which provide superior traction and stability, enabling drivers to fully exploit the potential of their vehicle. Moreover, AMG's focus on aerodynamics has led to the creation of sophisticated air management systems, including active aerodynamics that dynamically adjust to optimize downforce and drag. The use of advanced simulation tools and virtual testing environments has also been instrumental in AMG's innovation process. These technologies allow engineers to simulate and refine vehicle performance under a wide range of conditions, ensuring that every model meets the highest standards of performance, safety, and reliability. Furthermore, AMG's collaboration with Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team has facilitated the transfer of Formula 1 technology into production cars, such as the use of hybrid powertrains and advanced energy recovery systems. Innovative manufacturing processes also play a crucial role in AMG's engineering prowess. The brand's "One Man, One Engine" philosophy ensures that each engine is hand-assembled by a single technician, guaranteeing a level of quality and attention to detail that is hard to match in mass production environments. This dedication to craftsmanship is mirrored in the design and development of AMG's vehicles, where every component is meticulously engineered to contribute to the overall performance and driving experience. Ultimately, AMG's advanced technology and innovation are not just about creating high-performance vehicles; they are about redefining the boundaries of what is possible in automotive engineering. By continuously pushing the envelope with new technologies and innovative solutions, AMG ensures that its vehicles remain at the forefront of the industry, delivering an unparalleled driving experience that combines raw power, precision handling, and cutting-edge technology. This relentless drive for innovation is what sets AMG apart and solidifies its position as a leader in the world of high-performance automobiles.