What Dog Is Scooby Doo
Scooby-Doo, the beloved canine detective from the iconic animated series, has captivated audiences for decades with his endearing personality and intriguing appearance. But what exactly is Scooby-Doo? Beyond his lovable demeanor and knack for solving mysteries, Scooby-Doo's breed has been a subject of curiosity among fans. This article delves into the specifics of Scooby-Doo's breed, comparing him to real-life breeds that share similar characteristics, and explores the cultural impact his identity has had on popular culture. By understanding Scooby-Doo's breed, we can gain a deeper appreciation for how his creators envisioned him and why he remains such an enduring figure. We will start by examining the specific breed that Scooby-Doo is often identified as, setting the stage for a comprehensive look at his canine identity. **Understanding Scooby-Doo's Breed**
Understanding Scooby-Doo's Breed
Understanding Scooby-Doo's breed is a fascinating journey that delves into the physical, behavioral, and historical aspects of this beloved cartoon character. At the heart of Scooby-Doo's enduring popularity lies a combination of his distinctive physical characteristics, his endearing behavioral traits, and the rich historical context of his creation. Physically, Scooby-Doo is depicted as a Great Dane, a breed known for its large size and gentle nature, which contrasts humorously with his cowardly yet lovable personality. Behaviorally, Scooby-Doo's antics and reactions are a cornerstone of the show's humor and charm, showcasing traits that are both relatable and entertaining. Historically, Scooby-Doo was created in the late 1960s as part of a children's television series aimed at combining mystery-solving with light-hearted comedy, reflecting the cultural and social trends of that era. By examining these three key areas—physical characteristics, behavioral traits, and historical context—we can gain a deeper understanding of why Scooby-Doo remains such an iconic figure in popular culture. Let's begin by exploring the physical characteristics that make Scooby-Doo instantly recognizable and beloved by audiences worldwide.
Physical Characteristics of Scooby-Doo
Scooby-Doo, the beloved canine character from the popular animated series, exhibits a unique set of physical characteristics that have become iconic in pop culture. At first glance, Scooby-Doo appears to be a Great Dane, but his features are somewhat exaggerated and stylized for comedic effect. He stands tall with an imposing height, typically depicted as being around 6 feet tall on his hind legs, which is significantly taller than the average Great Dane. His coat is a distinctive brown color with a black "mask" around his eyes and a black "collar" around his neck, giving him a recognizable and endearing appearance. One of the most notable aspects of Scooby-Doo's physical appearance is his body shape. Unlike real Great Danes, which are known for their muscular build and athletic physique, Scooby-Doo has a more rounded and somewhat chunky body. This cartoonish exaggeration adds to his lovable and goofy persona. His ears are long and floppy, often flapping wildly as he moves or reacts to situations, further enhancing his comedic appeal. Scooby-Doo's facial features are also worth noting. His eyes are large and expressive, often wide with fear or excitement as he navigates through mysteries and spooky environments. His nose is small but prominent, and his tongue frequently hangs out of his mouth, adding to his comical demeanor. These facial expressions play a crucial role in conveying his emotions and reactions throughout the series. Despite these stylized features, Scooby-Doo retains some characteristics that are true to the Great Dane breed. For instance, his size and stature are reminiscent of the real-life breed's imposing presence. However, it's important to note that real Great Danes are generally more slender and athletic than Scooby-Doo's depiction. In summary, Scooby-Doo's physical characteristics blend realistic elements of the Great Dane breed with exaggerated traits that make him a beloved cartoon character. His unique appearance has contributed significantly to his enduring popularity and has become an integral part of his identity as a cultural icon. Understanding these physical traits helps in appreciating why Scooby-Doo remains such an enduring figure in animation history.
Behavioral Traits of Scooby-Doo
Scooby-Doo, the beloved Great Dane from the iconic cartoon series, exhibits a unique set of behavioral traits that have captivated audiences for decades. His character is a blend of both typical canine behaviors and exaggerated, anthropomorphic qualities that make him relatable yet endearing. One of the most prominent traits of Scooby-Doo is his insatiable appetite, often leading him into comedic misadventures as he searches for food. This trait not only provides humor but also underscores the common canine instinct of being driven by hunger and the desire for treats. Another defining characteristic of Scooby-Doo is his cowardice. Despite his large size, he frequently finds himself in situations where he is scared or intimidated, often leading to comedic escapes and hiding behind his best friend, Shaggy. This fearfulness contrasts with the typical perception of Great Danes as gentle giants but adds to the show's humor and charm. However, it also highlights the natural instincts of dogs to avoid danger and seek safety when threatened. Scooby-Doo's loyalty to his friends is another significant behavioral trait. He consistently shows up to help solve mysteries and protect his gang, even if it means facing his fears. This loyalty mirrors the strong bond that many dogs form with their human families, demonstrating a deep sense of companionship and trust. Additionally, his ability to sniff out clues and uncover hidden secrets showcases the keen sense of smell that dogs possess, making them invaluable in real-life detective work. The dynamic between Scooby-Doo and Shaggy is also noteworthy. Their friendship is built on mutual support and understanding, with Scooby often serving as a silent partner who communicates through expressions and body language. This interaction reflects the way dogs can form strong bonds with their owners, understanding non-verbal cues and providing emotional support. Furthermore, Scooby's ability to understand human language to some extent adds a layer of anthropomorphism that makes him more relatable and engaging to audiences. In terms of breed-specific traits, Great Danes are known for their gentle nature, intelligence, and affectionate personalities—all qualities that Scooby-Doo embodies in his own unique way. His friendly demeanor and willingness to please are consistent with the breed's reputation for being good-natured and easy-going. However, his exaggerated behaviors also serve as a reminder that while dogs may share certain breed-specific characteristics, individual personalities can vary widely. Overall, Scooby-Doo's behavioral traits are a delightful mix of realistic canine behaviors and exaggerated cartoon characteristics. His appetite, cowardice, loyalty, and unique friendship with Shaggy all contribute to making him one of the most beloved characters in television history. Understanding these traits not only enhances our appreciation for the character but also provides insights into the natural behaviors of dogs, particularly those of the Great Dane breed. By examining Scooby-Doo's actions and reactions, we gain a deeper understanding of what makes him so endearing and why he remains an enduring symbol of canine companionship.
Historical Context of Scooby-Doo's Creation
The creation of Scooby-Doo is deeply rooted in the historical context of the late 1960s, a period marked by significant cultural and social changes. In 1969, the television landscape was dominated by family-friendly shows, but there was a growing demand for programming that could appeal to both children and adults. Fred Silverman, the head of children's programming at CBS, recognized this need and sought to develop a series that would captivate a broad audience. Drawing inspiration from the popular sitcom "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" and the film "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh," Silverman envisioned a show that combined mystery-solving with humor and relatable characters. The brainchild of writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, Scooby-Doo was initially titled "Mysteries Five" and featured a group of teenagers and their talking dog solving supernatural mysteries. The character of Scooby-Doo himself was conceived by Iwao Takamoto, who designed the Great Dane to be both lovable and cowardly. The name "Scooby-Doo" was inspired by a scat phrase from Frank Sinatra's song "Strangers in the Night," which caught the attention of Ruby and Spears. The show's debut in September 1969 as "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!" coincided with a time of great social upheaval in the United States. The Vietnam War was ongoing, and the civil rights movement was gaining momentum. However, Scooby-Doo provided a welcome escape from these tensions, offering light-hearted entertainment that families could enjoy together. The series quickly gained popularity due to its unique blend of mystery, humor, and memorable characters. Scooby-Doo's breed, a Great Dane, was chosen for its imposing size and gentle nature, which contrasted humorously with the character's cowardly personality. This choice also reflected the cultural fascination with large dogs during the 1960s and 1970s. The character's design and personality were further influenced by the era's pop culture, including the rise of counterculture and the emergence of new musical genres like rock and roll. Throughout its run, Scooby-Doo has remained a cultural icon, adapting to changing times while retaining its core appeal. The show's historical context not only shaped its creation but also ensured its enduring popularity across generations. As a symbol of both nostalgia and timeless entertainment, Scooby-Doo continues to captivate audiences, making it one of the most recognizable and beloved characters in television history. Understanding this historical context is crucial to appreciating the full depth and significance of Scooby-Doo's creation and enduring legacy.
Comparing Scooby-Doo to Real-Life Breeds
When comparing Scooby-Doo to real-life dog breeds, several intriguing parallels and contrasts emerge. This article delves into the fascinating similarities and differences between the beloved cartoon character and actual canine breeds. We will explore how Scooby-Doo shares many characteristics with Great Danes, such as their large size and gentle nature, which make them both lovable companions. Additionally, we will examine how Scooby-Doo also exhibits traits common to other large breeds, highlighting the broader spectrum of canine characteristics that contribute to his endearing personality. However, it is equally important to note the differences that set Scooby-Doo apart from common household dogs, making him a unique and memorable character in the world of animation. By examining these aspects, we gain a deeper understanding of what makes Scooby-Doo so relatable yet distinct. Let's begin by exploring the striking similarities between Scooby-Doo and Great Danes, which form the foundation of his iconic persona.
Similarities with Great Danes
When comparing Scooby-Doo to real-life breeds, one of the most striking similarities can be found with Great Danes. Despite Scooby-Doo's cartoonish appearance and exaggerated features, his physical characteristics and personality traits align closely with those of the Great Dane breed. One of the most obvious similarities is their size; Great Danes are known for being one of the tallest dog breeds, and Scooby-Doo, although not as tall in the cartoons, is depicted as a large dog. Both Scooby-Doo and Great Danes have a muscular build and a deep chest, which contributes to their imposing yet gentle appearance. Another significant similarity lies in their temperament. Great Danes are often described as gentle giants due to their friendly, affectionate nature. They are known for being calm, patient, and loving companions, which mirrors Scooby-Doo's friendly and loyal personality. Both are quick to form close bonds with their human companions and are generally good-natured. This gentle nature makes them excellent family pets and explains why Scooby-Doo is so beloved by his human friends in the Mystery Inc. gang. In terms of intelligence, both Scooby-Doo and Great Danes are considered to be of average intelligence but highly trainable with positive reinforcement. While they may not be as quick-witted as some other breeds, they are capable of learning and responding well to commands when motivated by rewards and praise. This aspect is often humorously highlighted in Scooby-Doo episodes where he solves mysteries through a combination of luck and basic obedience skills. Additionally, both Scooby-Doo and Great Danes share similar dietary needs due to their large size. Great Danes require a balanced diet that supports their growth and maintains their health, particularly during their rapid growth phase as puppies. Similarly, Scooby-Doo's love for food is a recurring theme in the series; his appetite is often depicted as insatiable, reflecting the high caloric needs of large breeds like Great Danes. Finally, both have a tendency towards certain health issues related to their size. Great Danes are prone to conditions such as hip dysplasia and bloat due to their large stature, while Scooby-Doo frequently finds himself in precarious situations that could mirror these health risks if he were a real dog. However, these challenges do not deter from their overall charm and appeal. In conclusion, while Scooby-Doo is an animated character with many exaggerated traits, his similarities with Great Danes are undeniable. From their size and build to their temperament and dietary needs, there are numerous parallels between this beloved cartoon dog and one of the most recognizable real-life breeds. These similarities not only make Scooby-Doo more relatable but also highlight why Great Danes are such popular pets for those who appreciate their gentle giant nature.
Similarities with Other Large Breeds
When comparing Scooby-Doo to real-life dog breeds, it becomes evident that his characteristics and traits align closely with several large breeds. One of the most striking similarities is with the Great Dane, a breed known for its towering height and imposing size, much like Scooby-Doo's exaggerated stature. Both Scooby-Doo and Great Danes are gentle giants, often depicted as friendly and affectionate despite their intimidating appearance. Another breed that shares similarities with Scooby-Doo is the Newfoundland, renowned for its intelligence, loyalty, and protective nature. Like Scooby-Doo, Newfoundlands are quick to form close bonds with their families and are known for their keen sense of smell and problem-solving abilities. Scooby-Doo's energetic yet laid-back demeanor also resonates with the Irish Wolfhound, another large breed celebrated for its calm and even-tempered personality. Both Scooby-Doo and Irish Wolfhounds are not typically aggressive but will stand their ground when necessary, showcasing a balance between courage and composure. Additionally, the Saint Bernard, famous for its rescue missions in the Swiss Alps, shares Scooby-Doo's adventurous spirit and keen sense of smell. Both are adept at navigating challenging environments and have an innate ability to detect hidden dangers or treasures. The Doberman Pinscher is another breed that parallels Scooby-Doo in terms of intelligence and agility. While Doberman Pinschers are often stereotyped as being aggressive, they are actually highly intelligent and trainable, much like Scooby-Doo's ability to solve mysteries alongside his human friends. Furthermore, the Rottweiler, despite its tough exterior, has a soft spot for family and friends, similar to Scooby-Doo's unwavering loyalty to Shaggy and the rest of the gang. In terms of physical appearance, Scooby-Doo's floppy ears and long tail are reminiscent of the Bloodhound, a breed known for its distinctive features and exceptional tracking abilities. Both Scooby-Doo and Bloodhounds have an uncanny ability to follow scents that others might miss, making them invaluable in mystery-solving scenarios. Overall, while Scooby-Doo is a fictional character, his characteristics are deeply rooted in the traits of various real-life large dog breeds. His combination of size, intelligence, loyalty, and unique physical features makes him a compelling amalgamation of several beloved breeds, each contributing to his enduring appeal as a beloved cartoon character. By understanding these similarities, we can better appreciate the real-life inspirations behind Scooby-Doo's lovable and iconic persona.
Differences from Common Household Dogs
When comparing Scooby-Doo to real-life breeds, several key differences become apparent, highlighting the unique characteristics that make Scooby-Doo a beloved and iconic fictional character. Unlike common household dogs, Scooby-Doo is depicted as a Great Dane, but his behavior and abilities far exceed those of typical Great Danes. For instance, while real Great Danes are known for their gentle nature and large size, they are not as agile or quick-witted as Scooby-Doo. In the show, Scooby-Doo often finds himself in precarious situations that require rapid thinking and physical agility, traits that are exaggerated for comedic effect. Another significant difference lies in Scooby-Doo's ability to communicate with humans. Unlike real dogs that primarily communicate through barks, whines, and body language, Scooby-Doo can express himself in a way that is almost human-like. He frequently speaks short phrases and engages in conversations with his owner, Shaggy, which adds to his endearing and relatable persona. This anthropomorphism allows the audience to connect with Scooby-Doo on a deeper level, making him more than just a pet but a full-fledged character within the narrative. Furthermore, Scooby-Doo's diet and eating habits are also noteworthy. While real dogs have specific dietary needs that are crucial for their health, Scooby-Doo's love for Scooby Snacks is a recurring theme throughout the series. These snacks serve as a plot device to motivate Scooby-Doo into action but also underscore his unique personality. In contrast, real dogs require balanced meals that meet their nutritional requirements, and their eating habits are generally more disciplined. Additionally, the emotional intelligence and empathy displayed by Scooby-Doo are traits that set him apart from common household dogs. He often senses when his friends are in danger or upset and responds accordingly, showing a level of emotional awareness that is rare in real-life canines. This heightened emotional intelligence makes Scooby-Doo an integral part of the Mystery Inc. team, allowing him to contribute significantly to solving mysteries beyond just his keen sense of smell. In terms of physical appearance, while Scooby-Doo is based on a Great Dane, his depiction is stylized for animation. His exaggerated features, such as his large eyes and expressive face, are designed to enhance his comedic appeal and make him instantly recognizable. Real Great Danes, on the other hand, have more subdued facial expressions and do not possess the same level of cartoonish charm. Lastly, the adventures that Scooby-Doo embarks upon are far more extraordinary than those experienced by typical household dogs. From uncovering ghostly mysteries to escaping perilous traps, Scooby-Doo's life is filled with excitement and danger, which is a stark contrast to the mundane routines of most domesticated dogs. This element of adventure adds to his allure, making him a character that audiences can both admire and aspire to emulate. In summary, while Scooby-Doo shares some physical characteristics with real Great Danes, his behavior, abilities, and role within his fictional universe are distinctly different from those of common household dogs. These differences contribute to his enduring popularity and make him an unforgettable character in the world of animation.
The Cultural Impact of Scooby-Doo's Identity
The cultural impact of Scooby-Doo's identity is a multifaceted phenomenon that has resonated deeply with audiences across generations. This beloved cartoon series, which debuted in 1969, has not only become a staple of popular culture but also serves as a rich tapestry of symbolism and representation in media. The show's enduring appeal can be attributed to its ability to engage the public on various levels, fostering a dedicated fan base that continues to grow. In exploring the cultural significance of Scooby-Doo, it is essential to examine three key areas: its influence on popular culture, the symbolism and representation embedded within the series, and the public perception and fan engagement it has inspired. By delving into these aspects, we can better understand how Scooby-Doo has become an integral part of our collective cultural consciousness. This article will begin by examining the profound influence Scooby-Doo has had on popular culture, from its iconic characters and catchphrases to its impact on subsequent television shows and films.
Influence on Popular Culture
Scooby-Doo's influence on popular culture is a phenomenon that has spanned decades, transcending generations and mediums. Since its debut in 1969, the show has become an integral part of the cultural fabric, leaving an indelible mark on television, film, music, and even fashion. The series' blend of mystery, humor, and relatable characters has made it a staple in many households, with Scooby-Doo himself becoming an iconic symbol of nostalgia and entertainment. One of the most significant impacts of Scooby-Doo is its contribution to the genre of children's television. It pioneered the format of a group of young friends solving supernatural mysteries, a template that has been emulated by numerous other shows. This influence can be seen in series like "Stranger Things," which pays homage to the classic mystery-solving tropes while adding a modern twist. Additionally, Scooby-Doo's success paved the way for other animated series that combine adventure and humor, such as "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" and "Gravity Falls." Beyond television, Scooby-Doo has made a lasting impression on the film industry. The franchise has spawned multiple live-action and animated movies, including "Scooby-Doo" (2002) and "Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed" (2004), which brought the beloved characters to the big screen. These films not only introduced Scooby-Doo to a new audience but also demonstrated the enduring appeal of the franchise. The movies' success can be attributed to their ability to balance humor and adventure, making them enjoyable for both old and new fans. Scooby-Doo's influence extends into music as well. The show's theme song, "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You," has become a recognizable tune that evokes memories of childhood for many. Moreover, the franchise has inspired various musical adaptations and parodies over the years. For instance, the band Simple Plan featured a Scooby-Doo themed music video for their song "I'm Just a Kid," further cementing the show's place in pop culture. In the realm of fashion, Scooby-Doo has had a surprising yet significant impact. The character's distinctive appearance—his brown coat with a white collar and blue collar tag—has been immortalized in various merchandise, from t-shirts to plush toys. Scooby-Doo's image has also been incorporated into high-fashion designs, with brands like Dolce & Gabbana featuring Scooby-Doo prints in their collections. This crossover between mainstream fashion and pop culture icons highlights the broad appeal of the character. Furthermore, Scooby-Doo has played a role in shaping societal attitudes towards fear and mystery. By presenting supernatural mysteries that are ultimately explained by human culprits, the show teaches children that there is often a logical explanation behind seemingly inexplicable events. This theme has resonated with audiences and contributed to a more rational approach to dealing with fear and uncertainty. In conclusion, Scooby-Doo's influence on popular culture is multifaceted and profound. From its impact on children's television and film to its presence in music and fashion, Scooby-Doo has become an integral part of our shared cultural heritage. Its enduring popularity is a testament to the timeless appeal of its characters and the universal themes it explores. As a cultural icon, Scooby-Doo continues to inspire new generations while remaining a beloved figure for those who grew up with him.
Symbolism and Representation in Media
Symbolism and representation in media play a crucial role in shaping cultural narratives and influencing audience perceptions. In the context of "The Cultural Impact of Scooby-Doo's Identity," these elements are particularly significant. Scooby-Doo, as an iconic character, embodies various symbolic meanings that resonate with different generations. On the surface, Scooby-Doo appears to be a simple cartoon character—a talking Great Dane who solves mysteries with his human friends. However, beneath this façade lies a rich tapestry of symbolism and representation that contributes to its enduring cultural impact. One of the most compelling aspects of Scooby-Doo is its representation of fear and courage. The character's cowardice serves as a relatable symbol for the universal human experience of fear. Yet, despite his initial reluctance, Scooby-Doo consistently finds the courage to confront and overcome his fears, often playing a crucial role in solving the mystery. This dynamic makes him an endearing and empowering figure for children and adults alike, teaching valuable lessons about facing one's fears and the importance of teamwork. Moreover, the Scooby-Doo franchise is replete with symbolic characters that reflect societal archetypes. Fred Jones, the leader of the group, represents leadership and initiative; Daphne Blake embodies femininity and resourcefulness; Velma Dinkley symbolizes intelligence and analytical thinking; Shaggy Rogers and Scooby-Doo themselves are archetypes of friendship and loyalty. These characters collectively form a diverse yet cohesive unit that celebrates the strengths of individuality while highlighting the power of collaboration. The settings and plotlines of Scooby-Doo episodes also carry significant symbolic weight. The haunted mansions, abandoned amusement parks, and other eerie locations serve as metaphors for the unknown and the fears that lie within. By resolving these mysteries through rational explanations rather than supernatural phenomena, the show promotes critical thinking and skepticism over superstition. This approach not only entertains but also educates viewers about the importance of evidence-based reasoning. Furthermore, Scooby-Doo has been a platform for social commentary and representation. Over the years, the franchise has incorporated diverse characters and storylines that address contemporary issues such as environmentalism, social justice, and inclusivity. For instance, episodes have featured characters from various ethnic backgrounds and have tackled topics like pollution and community activism. This evolution ensures that Scooby-Doo remains relevant and impactful across different cultural contexts. In conclusion, the symbolism and representation in Scooby-Doo are integral to its enduring cultural impact. By using relatable characters, engaging storylines, and meaningful settings, the franchise has managed to transcend generations while maintaining its appeal. As a cultural icon, Scooby-Doo continues to influence how we perceive courage, teamwork, diversity, and critical thinking—making it more than just a cartoon character but a symbol of shared values and experiences that resonate deeply within our collective consciousness.
Public Perception and Fan Engagement
Public perception and fan engagement play a pivotal role in the enduring cultural impact of Scooby-Doo's identity. Since its debut in 1969, Scooby-Doo has evolved from a simple cartoon character into a cultural icon, deeply embedded in the collective consciousness of multiple generations. The show's unique blend of mystery, humor, and relatable characters has fostered a strong emotional connection with its audience. Fans of all ages have come to adore Scooby-Doo for his lovable yet cowardly personality, his insatiable appetite for Scooby Snacks, and his unwavering loyalty to his human friends. The public's perception of Scooby-Doo is multifaceted; he is seen as both a beloved pet and an integral member of the Mystery Inc. gang. This dual identity allows him to resonate with children who see him as a friendly companion and with adults who appreciate his nostalgic value and the show's cleverly crafted mysteries. The character's ability to transcend age boundaries has been a key factor in his enduring popularity. Moreover, Scooby-Doo's relatability extends beyond his on-screen persona; he symbolizes the universal desire for friendship, adventure, and solving puzzles—a combination that captivates audiences worldwide. Fan engagement with Scooby-Doo is equally impressive. From cosplay and fan art to fan fiction and conventions, the character has inspired a vibrant community of enthusiasts. Social media platforms are filled with Scooby-Doo memes, GIFs, and fan-generated content, demonstrating how deeply ingrained he is in popular culture. The franchise has also expanded to include various spin-offs, movies, and merchandise, catering to diverse fan interests and ensuring that Scooby-Doo remains relevant across different demographics. The cultural impact of Scooby-Doo's identity is further amplified by its influence on other media and entertainment. The show's format has been emulated in numerous other cartoons and TV series, while its characters have become archetypes in their own right. Shaggy and Velma, for instance, are often referenced or parodied in other works of fiction. This cross-cultural influence underscores Scooby-Doo's status as a cultural touchstone. In addition, Scooby-Doo's adaptability has allowed him to evolve with the times without losing his core appeal. The character has been reimagined in various forms—from live-action films to animated series like "Scooby-Doo Mystery Incorporated" and "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!"—each iteration maintaining the essence of the original while introducing new elements to keep the franchise fresh. This ability to adapt ensures that Scooby-Doo remains a staple of contemporary pop culture. Ultimately, the synergy between public perception and fan engagement has cemented Scooby-Doo's place in cultural history. His enduring popularity is a testament to the power of well-crafted storytelling and memorable characters. As a symbol of friendship, mystery-solving, and the joy of adventure, Scooby-Doo continues to captivate audiences around the world, ensuring that his legacy will endure for generations to come.